R/19
CIVICS
Ch. 4: Key elements of a Democratic Government
Exercise: B: Answer the following questions in not more than 20 words.
1. How did Abraham Lincoln define democracy?
Answer: Abraham Lincoln defined democracy as “government of the people, by the people, for the people”.
2. Mention one purpose for which rallies may be held.
Answer: People can criticize or express views against the government through rallies.
3. Why does our constitution say that India is a republic?
Answer: Our constitution says that India is a republic because the head of the country is an elected representative not a hereditary one.
1. How did Abraham Lincoln define democracy?
Answer: Abraham Lincoln defined democracy as “government of the people, by the people, for the people”.
2. Mention one purpose for which rallies may be held.
Answer: People can criticize or express views against the government through rallies.
3. Why does our constitution say that India is a republic?
Answer: Our constitution says that India is a republic because the head of the country is an elected representative not a hereditary one.
Exercise: C: Answer the following questions in not more than 40 words.
1. Why do democratic countries hold elections at regular intervals?
Answer: Democratic countries hold elections at regular intervals because to give opportunity to all citizens to participate or be a part of in the democracy.
2. There can be justice only when there is equality. Justify this statement.
Answer: There can be justice only when there is equality. Because, in a democracy, everybody has the right to get justice. If any person faces discrimination for any reason, he or she can seek justice in a Court of law.
Exercise: D: Think and answer.
1. On what conditions can the people exercise their freedom in a democracy?
Answer: It is often said that there is no democracy without freedom. Freedom here means freedom of speech and expression, freedom to practice religion of one’s choice, freedom to do any job, and so on. These freedoms can be exercised in a democratic country, provided it is done without breaking any law or harming others.
Exercise: E: Fill in the blanks.
1. In a democratic country, people usually participate in governance through their …………
Answer: Representatives
2. In India, elections are held every ………. Years.
Answer: 5 years
3. In India, the ………… can take steps to resolve conflicts between states.
Answer: Central Government
4. The ………….. is the introduction to India’s constitution.
Answer: Preamble
Exercise: F: State whether the following statements are true or false.
1. A government once elected cannot be changed.
Answer: False
2. In a democratic country, the people can criticise the government.
Answer: True
3. In a democratic country, people can exercise unlimited freedom.
Answer: False
4. In a democratic country, everybody has to obey the same law.
Answer: True
5. The Indian government is allowed to give special benefit to the weaker sections of the population.
Answer: True
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HISTORY
Ch.4: The First Cities of the Indian Subcontinent
Exercise: B: Answer the following questions in not more than 20 words.
1. Write about the street plan of a typical Indus city.
Answer: The streets of a typical Indus city were wide roads cutting each other at right angles. The cities probably had street lights because remains of lamp posts have been discovered along the roads.
1. Write about the street plan of a typical Indus city.
Answer: The streets of a typical Indus city were wide roads cutting each other at right angles. The cities probably had street lights because remains of lamp posts have been discovered along the roads.
2. Mention some important crafts of the Harappans.
Answer: Terracotta, toys, statuettes, figures of animals, etc., were some of the important crafts of the Harappans.
3. Why do we not understand the inscriptions on the Harappan seals?
Answer: We do not understand the inscriptions on the Harappan seals because nobody has been able to decipher the Indus script.
4. What do you know about the weights and measures used by the Indus merchants?
Answer: Trading was conducted to a set of rules. The merchants used uniform weights and measures.
5. Mention one purpose for which the Indus people used large urns.
Answer: Indus people made large urns and sometimes they buried their dead in these urns.
6. Write about one of Lothal’s main industries.
Answer: Lothal had a flourishing bead-making industry, which made beads of terracotta, stone, shell, etc.
7. What possibly led to the decline of the Indus civilization?
Answer: The exact causes of the decline of this great civilization are unknown. But it is suggested that the cities might have been destroyed by earthquakes, floods or a change in the course of the Indus River.
Exercise: C: Answer the following questions in not more than 40 words.
1. Why the Indus civilization is also called the Harappan Civilization?
Answer: The Indus civilization is also called the Harappan Civilization because most of the remains found at all these sites are very similar to those at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. Both are believed to belong to one single civilization- the Indus civilization or Harappan Civilisation.
2. What do you know about the Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro?
Answer: The Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro shows good the Indus people were at engineering and planning. The inner walls were treated to prevent seepage. Stairs descending into the bath were used for cleaning it. There were even changing rooms around the bath.
3. Mention a few things depicted on the Indus seals.
Answer: Most seals are square or rectangular tablets, usually made of steatite. Most of them have short inscriptions and the impression of a bull, buffalo, tiger, goat, rhinoceros or an elephant. Some seals show a male god. Some have a hump at the back, which has a hole in it. Sometimes, seals were used to stamp the wet clay with which goods packages were sealed.
4. Mention some important architectural feature of Dholavira.
Answer: The city Dholavira has three parts- a citadel, a middle town and a lower town. The citadel and the middle town are enclosed within high walls provided with gateways. Stone has been used in the construction of some of the buildings. The lower town is not enclosed within a wall.
Exercise: D: Answer the following questions in not more than 100 words.
1. Explain how cities arose. How is city life different from village life?
Answer: A city covers a larger area than village and has a larger population. Village life is simple because village people have similar needs and similar occupations. In contrast, city life is more complex as city people have many different activities, and hence a wide range of needs and occupations. City life requires administrative bodies. But villages are different from the cities. People live together in a community life. In villages, cooperation, coordination and relationship are core values. Village life is very simple and people stretch their helping hands to needy people. Main occupations of the village people are agriculture, fishing, crafts, etc.
2. Briefly describe a typical house of the Indus civilization.
Answer: The houses in the Indus civilization were built with engineering and planned. The houses were built in bricks. The houses were built on both sides of the roads. The houses were one or two storeys high. They were made of baked bricks, and were built along narrow straight lanes. Every house had two or more rooms with small windows, a bathroom, a kitchen and a courtyard. Almost every house had a well. The houses had very good drainage systems. The kitchen and the bathroom had drains connected to the covered main drain running alongside the main road. Among the houses, the Great Bath and the granary at Mohenjo-daro are good example of building structures in Indus Civilisation.
Exercise: F: Fill in the blanks.
1. The first two Harappan cities to be found by archaeologists were…….. and …….
Answer: Harappa and Mohenjo-daro
2. What bronze was to the Harappans, ……….was to the neolithic people.
Answer: Copper
3. In Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, the two main parts of the city were the …….and the……
Answer: Citadel and Lower town
4. The statuette of the dancing girl is made of ……..
Answer: Bronze
5. If wet clay is stamped with a seal, the impression so produced is a ………
Answer: Sealing
6. The Harappans made……….by baking and glazing specially treated clay.
Answer: Pots
7. The Indus people had overseas trade connections with……….
Answer: Mesopotamia
8. A structure believed to be a dockyard was discovered at ………..
Answer: Lothal
9. An inscription of 10 large letters has been found at …………
Answer: Dholavira
Exercise: G: State whether the following statements are true or false.
1. Mohenjo-daro and Harappa are situated in India.
Answer: False
2. The Indus cities had covered drains.
Answer: True
3. The Indus farmers did not irrigate their lands.
Answer: False
Answer: False
5. There is evidence that the Indus seals might have been tied round something.
Answer: True
6. The Harappans could not write.
Answer: False
7. In the Indus civilization, both men and women wore ornaments.
Answer: True
8. The Harappans worshipped a mother goddess and a three-headed male god.
Answer: True
9. The city of Mohenjo-daro was destroyed and rebuilt several times.
Answer: False
Exercise: H: Choose the correct options. More than one option may be correct.
1. How old is the Harappan civilization?
(a) About 100 years (b) about 1000 years (c) about 4000 years (d) more than 4000 years
Answer: (d) More than 4000 years
2. Which of the following Harappan sites is in Gujarat?
(a) Lothal (b) Kalibangan (c) Dholavira (d) Rupar
Answer: (a) Lothal and (c) Dholavira
3. Which of these buildings do we not find in Mohenjo-daro?
(a) A public bath (b) a granary (c) a dockyard (d) an assembly hall
Answer: (c) a dockyard
4. The Indus people use
(a) Gold (b) Copper (c) Iron (d) Bronze
Answer: (b) Copper and (d) Bronze
5. The three-headed male god of the Indus people resembles the Hindu god.
(a) Vishnu (b) Shiva (c) Brahma (d) Indra
Answer: (b) Shiva
R/10
GEOGRAPHY
Ch.4: Motions of the Earth
Exercise: B: Answer the following questions in not more than 20 words.
1. Define the axis of the earth.
Answer: The axis of the earth is the imaginary line joining the North Pole and the South Pole through the centre of the earth.
2. Which places on the earth have six months of daylight and six months of darkness?
Answer: Both the poles of the earth have six months of daylight and six months of darkness.
3. Where on the earth are seasonal changes least felt?
Answer: The places on the equator do not feel the seasonal changes.
4. On which dates are days and nights of equal length all over the world?
Answer: On 21 March and 23 September days and nights are of equal length all over the world.
Exercise: C: Answer the following questions in not more than 40 words.
1. What do you understand by the inclination of the earth’s axis?
Answer: The axis makes an angle of 23 1/2⁰ with the perpendicular to the plane of the earth’s orbit. In other words, the earth’s axis makes an angle of 66 1/2⁰ with the orbital plane. This means that the earth is always inclined to one while it revolves around the sun. This tilt of the earth’s axis is called the inclination of the earth’s axis.
2. How does a leap year occur?
Answer: One year is 365 days and 6 hours. But to make things simpler, we take one year to 365 days. The extra six hours each year add up to 24 hours, or a day, in four days. This, every fourth year we add an extra day to a year. Such a year, which has 366 days, is called a leap year.
3. What is equinox? What is its effect on the length of day and night?
Answer: Equinox means equal. At an equinox the earth’s axis is tilted neither towards the sun, nor away from it. On the day of an equinox, the day and night are equal in length.
4. What are the two things responsible for the change of seasons?
Answer: The seasons are caused by the tilt of the earth’s axis and the earth’s revolution around the sun. The seasons are marked by changes in temperature, and in the duration of days and nights.
Exercise: E: Answer the following questions in not more than 80 words.
1. Explain with a diagram how rotation causes day and night?
Answer: The earth takes 24 hours to complete one rotation. It moves from west to east. Rotation causes days and nights to follow each other in a regular pattern, which is repeated every 24 hours. The half of the earth which faces the sun is lighted. So in this half it will be day. The other half is in darkness, and it will be night in this half. The circle which divides the earth into a lit half and a dark half is called the circle of illumination. As the earth moves from west to east, the dark half gradually faces the sun, while the lit half turns away from it. This is how day follows night.
2. What do you understand by solstice? What effects does the summer solstice have on the Northern Hemisphere?
Answer: When the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun, the rays of the sun are close to vertical on this hemisphere, and the days are longer. As a result, it is summer in this hemisphere. The sun appears higher in the sky and more towards the north on the horizon. On 21 June, the sun reaches its highest and northernmost position in the sky at noon. This moment is called solstice. On the day of the summer solstice, the Northern Hemisphere has longest day and shortest night. During this summer solstice, the Northern Hemisphere receives more heat, and for a longer period of time. The sun’s rays fall vertically on the tropic of Cancer.
3. Explain briefly with the help of a diagram the earth’s position and resulting conditions during summer and winter in the Northern Hemisphere.
Answer: The situation during that half of the year when the Northern Hemisphere tilted towards the sun and the Southern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun. During this half of the year, places in the Northern Hemisphere have longer nights and shorter days. The Northern Hemisphere receives more heat and for longer period of time. As a result, it is summer in this Hemisphere. On 21 June, the sun reaches its highest and northernmost position in the sky at noon. This moment is called summer solstice. On 22 December, the sun reaches its lowest and southernmost position in the sky at noon. This is called winter solstice. During this winter solstice, days are shorter and nights are usually longer.
Exercise: G: Fill in the blanks.
1. The …………divides the earth into a lighted and a dark half.
Answer: Circle of illumination
2. At the time of ……….., the days and nights are always equal.
Answer: Equinox
3. On the 21 June the sun shines vertically on the …….. at noon.
Answer: Tropic of Cancer
4. Countries of the ……..Hemisphere have summer in December.
Answer: Southern
5. Seasons are caused due to the inclined axis and the …… of the earth.
Answer: Revolution
Exercise: H: State whether the following statements are true and false.
1. The axis is perpendicular to the equator.
Answer: False
2. A place is farthest from sunlight at midnight.
Answer: True
3. The inclination of the earth’s axis does not affect the duration of days and nights on the equator.
Answer: True
4. The sun’s highest position in the sky, at noon, remains the same throughout the year.
Answer: False
5. Indians and Australians celebrate Christmas in the same season.
Answer: False
Exercise: I: Choose the correct option.
1. The apparent movement of the sun is due to the earth’s
(a) Revolution (b) Rotation (c) Elliptical orbit (d) Inclined axis
Answer: (b) Rotation
2. Places on the tropic of Cancer have the longest day on
(a) 21 June (b) 22 December (c) 21 March (d) 23 September
Answer: (c) 21 June
3. The period of diffused light before sunrise is called
(a) Morning (b) Revolution (c) Dawn (d) Evening
Answer: (c) Dawn
4. Unequal days and nights on the earth are caused by
(a) Rotation (b) Revolution
(c) the inclination of the earth’s axis (d) the movement of the sun
Answer: (b) the inclination of the earth’s axis
5. On 21 June,
(a) The sun’s rays fall vertically on the tropic of Cancer at noon
(b) The Northern Hemisphere has the longest day
(c) It is winter in the Southern Hemisphere
(d) All of the above are true
Answer: (a) The sun’s rays fall vertically on the tropic of Cancer at noon.
R/9
CIVICS
Ch.3: Government
Exercise: B: Answer the following questions in not more than 20 words.
1. What is a government?
Answer: The group of people managing the affairs of a country is called a government.
2. Which organ of the government makes laws?
Answer: The legislature is the organ of the government makes laws.
3. Name the three main types of government.
Answer: Monarchy, dictatorship and democracy are the three main types of government.
4. What do you understand by universal adult franchise?
Answer: All adult Indian citizens have the right to vote, whether they are rich or poor and men or women, is known as universal adult franchise.
Exercise: C: Answer the following questions in not more than 40 words.
1. At what levels do we have government in India?
Answer: in India, we have government at the national level and at the state level; we have also local self-government in cities, towns and villages.
2. Give two reasons why representative democracy is a good form of government.
Answer: In democracy, people have ultimate power to govern themselves. Secondly, every adult citizen has the right to vote.
Exercise: D: Answer the following question in not more than 100 words.
1. Why do we need a government?
Answer: We need a government to govern the country and solve issues of the people. Hence, for taking certain decisions, we need to form a body of representatives who can formulate laws and help in taking forward the progressive work and also solve issues too. The government is the perfect body of representatives who can lead developmental works as follows:
Build roads, hospitals, educational institutions, amusement parks, museums, toilets, etc. for the people.
(i) Takes decision to deal with problems like poverty, unemployment, discrimination, etc.
(ii) Help in providing safety to the people and maintains law and order within the country.
(iii) Maintains armed forces for safety of our nation and maintains peaceful relation with other nations.
Exercise: F: Fill in the blanks.
1. Property used by the whole community and maintained out of public funds is called…. property.
Answer: Public
2. India’s central legislature is known as the …….
Answer: Parliament
3. In India, the Prime Minister is to the central executive what a ……… is to a state executive.
Answer: Chief Minister
4. The system of courts is known as the………….
Answer: Judiciary
5. A hereditary ruler has absolute power in a…………
Answer: Monarchy
6. British women won voting rights largely due to the efforts of the …………
Answer: Suffragettes
Exercise: G: State whether the following statements are true or false.
1. We do not have to pay the government for the facilities it provides.
Answer: False
2. Trains are public property.
Answer: True
3. MLAs are members of the central legislature.
Answer: False
4. The executive is that organ of the government which implements laws.
Answer: True
5. India’s constitution initially gave voting rights only to men who owned property.
Answer: False
Exercise: H: Choose the correct option.
1. The government is not responsible for
(a) Organising aid for flood victims
(b) Providing health services
(c) Defending the country
(d) Maintaining your house out of public funds.
Answer: (d) maintaining your house out of public funds
2. The responsibility to make sure that laws are followed rests with
(a) The legislature (b) the executive
(C) the Judiciary (d) None of these
Answer: (c) the Judiciary
3. People have the power to govern themselves in
(a) A democracy (b) a monarchy
(c) a dictatorship (d) None of these
Answer: (a) a democracy
4. The form of government in India can best be described as
(a) Democracy (b) parliamentary democracy
(c) monarchy (d) presidential democracy
Answer: (a) Parliamentary Democracy
R/8
HISTORY
Ch.3: The First Farmers and Herders
Exercise: B: Answer the following questions in not more than 20 words.
1. Name two regions in India where Mesolithic sites have been found.
Answer: Mysore in Karnataka and parts of western and central India where Mesolithic sites have been found.
2. Mention two types of archaeological sources that tell us about man’s life during the Mesolithic Age.
Answer: Two types of archaeological sources – tools and burials that tell us about man’s life during the Mesolithic Age.
3. What do you understand by domestication?
Answer: All processes by which plants and animals are brought under human control are together domestication.
4. Mention some regions in India where Neolithic tools have been found.
Answer: Neolithic tools such as a cattle pen have been found at Koldiwara in Uttar Pradesh, bones of cattle, sheep and goats, at Tekkalakota in Karnataka.
5. What made up a typical Neolithic village?
Answer: A Neolithic village consisted of a few closely built houses surrounded by a common fence of prickly bush or mud wall.
6. What kind of work did women, children and old people do in a Neolithic community?
Answer: Women, children and old people performed light agricultural tasks like sowing and harvesting, grazing small herds and protecting crops from pests such as birds.
7. How did neolithic people dispose of their dead?
Answer: The neolithic people of the Indian subcontinent usually buried their dead. The dead were buried in pits, sometimes with domestic animals.
8. What are megaliths?
Answer: Neolithic people buried their dead and often marked burial places with huge rectangular blocks of stone called megaliths.
9. Where is Mehrgarh situated?
Answer: Mehrgarh is situated near Bolan Pass in Pakistan where remains of several neolithic settlements have been found.
Exercise: C: Answer the following questions in not more than 40 words.
1. What are microliths? How did Mesolithic man use microliths?
Answer: Microliths were usually stone blades ranging from one to five centimetres in length. Mesolithic man used these microliths by fixing on wood or bone and used as spears, saws, knives and arrows.
2. Explain how man might have discovered the magic link between seed and plant.
Answer: Mesolithic man began to gather food seeds. Seeds that fell at the time of gathering or seed in discarded vegetable remains might have sprouted and suggested the magic link between seed and plant. Man might then have experimented by dropping seeds into the soil and found plants growing.
3. What do Mesolithic paintings usually depict? What information do they give us?
Answer: Mesolithic paintings were usually depicting different poses of dance forms that had close similarity with the tribal dances we see today. These were probably dance forms performed in rituals before the men set out for hunting.
4. What is a tribe? Mention one way in which we can draw conclusions about the lifestyle of neolithic tribes.
Answer: the families living in a neolithic village were closely related, and shared the same customs, beliefs and methods of worship. A group of such families is called a tribe. By observing them, we can draw conclusions that the customs and practices of present-day tribes living in remote regions have not changed much over the ages.
5. Write about the occupations of the neolithic people of Mehrgarh.
Answer: Farming was the primary occupation of the neolithic people of Mehrgarh. So, people of Mehrgarh grew wheat, barley and cotton. People of Mehrgarh also had occupation to domesticate animals including cattle, sheep, goats and buffaloes.
Exercise: D: Answer the following question in not more than 100 words.
1. How did farming and herding change man’s life?
Answer: In the Neolithic Age man changed from a food-gatherer to a food- producer. He learnt to take care of the crops he sowed and also reared animals. The crops grown by neolithic farmers from plant remains such as pollen and seeds found in soil deposits of that period. For instance, archaeologists have found remains of wheat and lentils at Chirand in Bihar and horse gram at Tekkalakota in Karnataka. The presence of charcoal in the soil at some places suggests clearing of forests by fire. Over the years, man learnt to select, preserve and sow good-quality seeds. Thus, domesticated plants became different from and better than wild plants of the same type.
Exercise: Fill in the blanks.
1. The .…………… was the first animals to be domesticated.
Answer: Dogs
2 .…………… and .…………… found in soil deposits tell archaeologists what crops were grown during a particular period.
Answer: Pollen and Seeds
3. What food-gathering was to palaeolithic man, .…………… was to neolithic man.
Answer: Food-producer
4. Neolithic people grew crops such as .…………… and .……………
Answer: Wheat and Barley
5. Baked vessels were necessary for storing .……………
Answer: liquids and cook food
6. The neolithic people of .…………… grew cotton.
Answer: Mehrgarh
Exercise: G: State whether the following statements are true or false.
1. Mesolithic man learnt to grow plants from seeds.
Answer: True
2. Mesolithic man discovered the wheel.
Answer: False
3. In the Neolithic Age, man lived in permanent homes.
Answer: True
4. Megaliths are tools made from large stones.
Answer: True
5. The neolithic site of Daojali Hading is located in north-western India.
Answer: False
6. The neolithic people of Mehrgarh and Burzahom did not learn to use the potter’s wheel.
Answer: False
Exercise: H: Choose the correct option.
1. Microliths were not made in the
(a) Stone Age (b) Palaeolithic Age
(c) Mesolithic Age (d) Neolithic Age
Answer: (b) Palaeolithic Age
2. Which of the following types of tools fell out of use in the Neolithic Age?
(a) Polished stone tools (b) bone tools
(c) Tools for digging and harvesting (d) None of these
Answer: (d) None of these
3. Neolithic man used the wheel
(a) In transportation (b) In pot-making
(c) In spinning thread (d) Possibly in all these processes
Answer: (d) Possibly in all these processes
4. The Neolithic people of Daojali Hading did not
(a) Make stone tools (b) Live in pit dwellings
(c) Make pottery bearing cord marks (d) Grow cereals and yams
Answer: (b) Live in pit dwellings
R/7
GEOGRAPHY
Ch.3: Latitudes and Longitudes
Exercise: B: Answer the following questions in not more than 20 words.
1. What is the equator?
Answer: The equator is the imaginary circle drawn around the globe exactly halfway between the two poles.
2. What is the prime meridian?
Answer: The meridian passing through British Royal Observatory at Greenwich near London is called prime meridian.
3. How are meridians numbered?
Answer: The prime meridian serves as the reference line for numbering the other meridians, which are either to east or to the west. The meridians numbered up to 180* to the east and west of the prime meridian.
4. When would the local time of a place A be ahead of the local time of a place B?
Answer: When one place A is to the east of another place B, so A is head of B place in time.
5. What is the importance of the 82* 30’ E meridian in India?
Answer: The 82* 30’ E meridian was chosen as the Indian Standard Time because it passes through more or less the central part of India.
Exercise: C: Answer the following questions in not more than 40 words.
1. What are parallels and meridians?
Answer:
Parallels: Circles of latitudes are often called parallels because they are parallel to each other, which never intersect each other.
Meridians: Longitude is measured by imaginary lines that run around the earth vertically and connect the North Pole and the South Pole. These lines are called meridians.
2. Why a line of longitude is called a meridian?
Answer: Longitudes are known as meridians because meridians are great circles which are not parallel to each other but intersect each other at the North and the South Poles. Same stands true of the longitudes. All longitudes are great circles which meet at the poles.
3. In how many time zones is the world divided? On what is the standard time in a zone based?
Answer: The world is divided into 24 time zones of an hour each. The standard time in a time zone is based on a meridian passing centrally through the zone. Areas in a time zone follow this standard time.
Exercise: D: Answer the following questions in not more than 80 words.
1. Define latitude and longitude of a place. Explain with an example how they help to locate a place.
Answer:
Latitude of a place: The latitude of a place is its angular distance north or south of the equator. It gives the position or location of a place from the equator. Suppose the meridian passing through a place M cuts the equator at R. Then the latitude of M is, where O is the centre of the earth.
Longitude of a place: The longitude of a place is its angular distance, east or west of the prime meridian. It is measured along the parallel which passes through the place. Longitudes are also measured in degrees, minutes and seconds. A place has an east or a west longitude, depending upon whether it is to the east or west of the prime meridian. For example, the longitude of Dhubri in Assam and that of Memphis in USA is 90*. But Dhubri is to the east of the prime meridian and Memphis is to the west. So, the longitude of Dhubri is 90* E and that of Memphis is 90* W.
2. Explain tropical and temperate zones. Draw a diagram showing all heat zones.
Answer:
Tropical Zone: This zone lies between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn. This zone is the hottest zone of the earth, as it receives relatively direct rays of the sun throughout the year. It is also known as torrid zones.
Temperate Zones: Between the tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle in the north, and the tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle in the south, are two zone of moderate temperature called the temperate zones. Temperate means moderate. The sun never shines on these areas vertically. In fact, the angle of the sun’s rays keeps decreasing as one moves from the tropics to the poles. The rays of the sun are always slanted.
3. What is standard time? How is it useful?
Answer: The local time of a particular meridian is taken as the standard time for an entire region or country. In India, the local time of the 82* 30’ E meridian has been adopted as the standard time. The 828 30’ E meridians were chosen because it passes through more or less the central part of India.it is called the standard meridian of India. The time at the prime meridian is called the Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Countries which have a very large east-west longitudinal extent often adopt more than one standard time. It would be helpful to avoid confusion over train timings, flight timings, etc. So, there are 24 time zones in the world. Each time zone is of one hour which covers 15* of longitudes.
Exercise: F: Fill in the blanks.
1. The ……….. is the longest parallel of latitude.
Answer: Equator
2. The line of 0* longitude is called the ……………
Answer: Prime Meridian
3. The ……….. lies 23* 30’ S south of the equator.
Answer: Tropic of Capricorn
4. The equator is to parallels what the …………. is to meridians.
Answer: Prime Meridian
5. The ………. time of a place depends on the apparent movement of the sun.
Answer: Local Time
6. Countries with large east-west extent often adopt more than one ……..
Answer: Standard Time
Exercise: G: State whether the following statements are true or false.
1. The latitude of the equator is 0*.
Answer: True
2. The equator cuts each meridian into two equal halves.
Answer: True
3. All places on the same parallel have the same latitude.
Answer: True
4. The USA is in the Eastern Hemisphere.
Answer: False
5. All places on the same meridian have the same local time.
Answer: False
6. The IST is 5 hours 30 minutes behind the GMT.
Answer: False
Exercise: H: Choose the correct option.
1. Among the following parallels, which is the longest?
(a) 10* N (b) 30* N
(c) 60* N (d) 80* N
Answer: (a) 10*N
2. On which of the following parallels are the coldest places likely to be found?
(a) 20* N (b) 50* S
(c) 70* N (d) 80* S
Answer: (D) 80* S
3. The prime meridian passes through
(a) New Delhi, India (b) Greenwich, near London
(c) New York, USA (d) Cairo, Egypt
Answer: (b) Greenwich, near London
4. On which of the following meridians will sunrise take place first?
(a) 100* E (b) 90* W
(c) 0* (d) 10* E
Answer: (a) 100* E
5. When it is 6 A.M in London, the Indian Standard Time (IST) will be
(a) 8.30 A.M (b) 11.30 A.M
(c) 10.30 P.M (d) 12.30 A.M
Answer: (b) 11.30 A.M
6. The world is divided into time zones, each of
(a) 1 hour (b) 4 minutes
(c) 15 minutes (d) 2 hours
Answer: (a) 1 hour
7. The place X in the figure is
(a) 23 1/2⁰N (b) 23 1/2⁰S 40⁰ W
(c) 23 1/2⁰N 40⁰ W (d) 23 1/2⁰ S 40⁰ E
Answer: (c) 23 1/2⁰N 40⁰ W
R/6
CIVICS
Ch.2: Prejudice and Discrimination
Exercise: B: Answer the following questions in not more than 20 words.
1. What are prejudices?
Answer: When people form certain negative or bad opinions about those who are not like them. Such opinions are called prejudices.
2. What does ‘Apartheid’ mean? Who practiced apartheid and against whom?
Answer: The policy of apartheid means ‘separate development’. Once practiced by the White government of South Africa and against Black Africans.
3. Give an example of discrimination based on economic inequality.
Answer: Economic inequality is a major source of discrimination in many countries including India. Poor people that they have no money to meet their basic needs like food, clothing and shelter.
4. What do we call a set of rules by which a country is run?
Answer: A set of rules by which a country is running is called constitution.
5. Name an Indian leader who fought against social discrimination.
Answer: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was one of our leaders who fought against social discrimination.
Exercise: C: Answer the following questions in not more than 40 words.
1. What do you understand by a stereotype? Give an example.
Answer: One of the serious problems caused by Prejudice is the creation of stereotypes. When we fit all persons of a particular group into one fixed image we create a stereotype. For example, you must have heard people say, “Girls are not good at mathematics” or “Boys are naughty and girls are gentle”. These statements are called stereotypes.
2. What is discrimination? Mention two sources of discrimination.
Answer: Discrimination means to make a distinction between people on the basis of class, race, religion, gender, age, etc., without regard to individual merit. Prejudices, arising out of diversity and inequality lead to discrimination.
3. Who were called untouchables? How were they discriminated against?
Answer: Castes were hierarchical. This means that there were high and low castes. The castes placed higher in the system discriminated against the lower castes. The lowest castes were called untouchables. They were not allowed to draw waters from public wells and not allowed to enter temples, schools, hospitals, etc. Thus, the caste system gave rise to social inequality.
Exercise: D: Answer the following question in not more than 100 words.
1. List the rights that our constitution has given us to preserve the diversity of social groups in our country.
Answer: The Indian constitution provides us some fundamental rights in order to protect India’s diverse social groups, cultural diversity, and religious diversity and to show respect to all communities and all citizens.
(i) All Indians are equal before law. No one can be denied justice or ill-treated in the name of caste, community, gender or religion. Untouchability has been abolished. (ii) Every Indian is free to live or travel anywhere within the country, take up any job in any part of the country and say anything in the public without any fear.
(iii) No Indian citizen can be exploited or forced to work.
(iv) Every Indian has the right to follow the religion of his or her choice. India is a secular country.
(v) Every community has the right to preserve and promote its own language, script and customs.
(vi) A person can go to a court if he or she is denied any of these rights.
Exercise: F: Fill in the blanks
1.…………. are not true because they fit large numbers of people into a single image.
Answer: Stereotypes
2. India’s caste system developed due to discrimination based on the diversity of ……….
Answer: occupation
3. The South African leader……… fought against apartheid.
Answer: Nelson Mandela
4. India has abolished the practice of ………..to stop caste discrimination.
Answer: untouchability
5. India is a ………… country as all religions are equal before the government and the law of the land.
Answer: secular
Exercise: G: State whether the following statements are true or false.
1. People who are different from us are inferior to us.
Answer: False
2. Prejudice is the same as discrimination.
Answer: False
3. Caste groups are hierarchical.
Answer: True
4. The Indian constitution recognizes that India is a land of many languages, religions and cultures.
Answer: True
5. Every Indian community has the right to preserve and promote its own language, script and customs.
Answer: True
R/5
HISTORY
Ch. 2: The Earliest Societies
Exercise: B: Answer the following questions in not more than 20 words.
1. How did the ability to stand erect help the first manlike creature?
Answer: The ability to stand erect helped him to free his hands and he could pick up and throw things. His thumb evolved. So, this helped man to handle objects better than animals.
2. Why palaeolithic man is called a hunter-gatherer?
Answer: Palaeolithic man lived in caves and rocks shelters. He survived by hunting wild animals and gathering wild plants, berries, nuts, etc. So, he was called a hunter-gatherer.
3. What is habitation- cum factory sites?
Answer: At some sites, ash and animal remains have been found along with artefacts. This suggests that people worked and also lived at these sites. These were known as habitation- cum factory sites.
4. What are Core tools?
Answer: The tools which were made by chipping off pieces from chunks of rocks or hand sized pebbles called Core tools.
5. What were hand-axes used for?
Answer: Hand axes used mostly for heavy work like cutting trees, digging the earth for roots and tubers, and breaking bones.
6. What are flake tools?
Answer: The tools which were made from the sharp pieces (flakes) that broke off while shaping Core tools that were called flake tools.
7. Where is Hunsgi situated?
Answer: Hunsgi is situated in the Shorapur Doab in Karnataka where palaeolithic habitation and factory sites found.
Exercise: C: Answer the following questions in not more than 40 words.
1. Mention some of the things that palaeolithic man ate.
Answer: Palaeolithic man basically ate meat of wild animals and birds, fish, and wild plants, berries, nuts, roots and tubers.
2. What was man’s first major discovery? Mention any three of its uses.
Answer: Man’s first discovery was fire. Man learnt various uses of fire. Apart from driving away wild animals, it could keep him warm, light up dark caves and even roast meat.
3. How did the palaeolithic people of the Deccan trap large animals?
Answer: The palaeolithic people of the Deccan made large pits which probably dug and covered with leaves and twigs to hide them from view. Large animals that fell into the pits and could not get out were killed.
Exercise: D: Answer the following questions in not more than 100 words.
1. How did man initially use pebbles and stones? How did he start designing tools from stones?
Answer: Palaeolithic people used direct and indirect methods of chipping stone. In the direct method, a pebble or a piece of bone or wood was used as a hammer to chip off pieces from a softer pebble or chunk of stone.
The indirect method was used during the late palaeolithic period, to shape tools from flakes. The flake to be shaped was placed on a hard surface. A long, pointed piece of bone or wood was then placed on it like a chisel and hammered with another piece of bone or wood or a stone.
The Core tools were made by chipping off pieces from chunks of rock or hand-sized pebbles. The stone left after chipping called core. Core tools were usually oval or pear shaped.
2. Why did palaeolithic people from group? Describe life within such a group.
Answer: Palaeolithic man realized the advantage of living in groups. It enabled him to hunt large animals and to share food, which was scarce and decayed easily. It also provided security against natural dangers.
Groups were not very large. The members of a group cooperated with one another and their collective efforts helped them develop new skills. An outsider was not easily accepted in the group.
There were no inequalities within a group, nor were there any family ties. Palaeolithic man’s life was full of danger, and his lifespan was only 20 to 25 years.
Exercise: F: Fill in the blanks
1. The ………….. tribals of the Andaman islands have retained a primitive lifestyle.
Answer: Jawaras and Onges
2. Palaeolithic remains have been found in the ……… river valley in Pakistan.
Answer: Soan
3. …………… tools were usually oval or pear-shaped.
Answer: Core
4. Palaeolithic people of the Deccan hunted animals such as the ……… and the ………………
Answer: Indian rhinoceros and wild ox
5. Most of the palaeolithic tools found at Hunsgi are made of …………….
Answer: limestone
Exercise: G: State whether the following are true or false
1. The Stone Age is divided into periods based on the types of tools used by early man.
Answer: False
2. The Lower Palaeolithic period is older than the Upper Palaeolithic period.
Answer: True
3. Our ideas about palaeolithic man are based mainly on archaeological sources.
Answer: True
4. Palaeolithic man used only stone to make tools.
Answer: False
5. Palaeolithic people lived in large group.
Answer: False
Exercise: H: Choose the correct option.
1. The proper chronological order of the different periods of the Stone Age is
(a) Neolithic Age, Mesolithic Age, Palaeolithic Age
(b) Palaeolithic Age, Mesolithic Age, Neolithic Age
(c) Palaeolithic Age, Neolithic Age, Mesolithic Age
(d) Mesolithic Age, Palaeolithic Age, Neolithic Age
Answer: (b) Palaeolithic Age, Mesolithic Age, Neolithic Age
2. The ability to think, remember and innovate helped palaeolithic man to
(a) Hunt animals larger and stronger than himself
(b) Make clothes from animal skin and leaves
(c) Make tools
(d) Protect himself
Answer: (d) Protect himself
3. Palaeolithic man’s lifespan was about
(a) 20-25 years (b) 50-60 years (c) 70-75 years (d) 100 years
Answer: (a) 20-25 years
4. Which of the following palaeolithic sites are situated in Maharashtra?
(a) Nashik (b) Chikri- Navasa (c) Kurnool (d) Soan river valley
Answer: (a) Nashik
R/4
GEOGRAPHY
Ch.2: Maps
Exercise: B: Answer the following questions in not more than 20 words.
1. What is a Map?
Answer: The earth’s surface, either whole or part of it, can be represented on paper. Such representation is called a map.
2. What is the North Line?
Answer: The vertical line with an arrow at the top, marked with the letter ’N’, indicating the north direction is called the North Line.
3. What information do you need to locate a place with respect to another?
Answer: We need to know the information such as direction, distance and sketch to locate a place with respect to another.
Exercise: C: Answer the following questions in not more than 40 words
1. What are political and physical maps?
Answer:
Political Map: The maps which show boundaries of countries and of the states within the countries. They also show the locations of towns and cities.
Physical Map: The maps which show the natural features on the earth’s surface, like mountains, plateaus, plains, rivers and so on.
2. What is a map’s scale? Give one example.
Answer: The scale of a map is generally shown by a graduated straight line, a particular length. The scale is generally drawn at the top or bottom of the map. For example, 1 cm to 100 km, means 1 cm on the map represents 100 km on the ground.
3. What are conventional symbols? Why are they needed?
Answer: The symbols not only make the map easier to draw, but also to read them. People all over the world use the same set of symbols, and there is an international agreement on these symbols. These are called Conventional symbols.
Exercise: D: Answer the following questions in not more than 100 words.
1. How are maps more useful than globes? What is the main disadvantage in using maps?
Answer: A map is a representation of the earth’s surface. To make a detailed map we use a large sheet of paper. This large map can be folded or rolled. But the globe is a model of the earth on a small scale. It requires hard material to make a model of the earth. The map shows details of continents, countries, states, mountains, rivers, etc. But the globe shows continents and oceans in quite precise shapes. It is easier to show details of small towns and villages on a map but is not possible to show on a globe.
Since on maps the curved surface of the earth is represented on a flat surface, a problem arises. A round shape cannot be flattened completely. So, when we try to show parts of the world on a flat surface, the shapes and sizes of the continents and oceans get distorted. The maximum distortion is seen in the regions around the poles.
2. What is a Plan? How is it useful?
Answer: A map shows the locations of various places or features of an area. A detailed map of a part of a town may show schools, parks, roads, etc. But even the most detailed map cannot show the internal details of buildings. Sometimes, we need to know the details of particular buildings or of a room in a building. At such times, we refer to detailed drawings known as plans.
A plan is a detailed drawing of a small area drawn on a very large scale. It shows the details of a small area, for example, a room, or a house. Before a house is built, a plan showing the rooms, windows, doors, etc., is drawn. The scale of the plan is larger than the map’s.
Exercise: F: Fill in the blanks
1. In a world map, the maximum distortion is at the……….
Answer: Poles
2. The ……. drew maps on clay tablets.
Answer: Babylonians
3. If a map does not have the north line, the ……..part is taken as the north.
Answer: Top
4. The direction to the right of the north line is……..
Answer: East
5. A ……… shows the details of a small area on a large scale.
Answer: Plan
Exercise: G: State whether the following statements are true or false.
1. Maps usually have more information than globes do.
Answer: True
2. A map showing the distribution of minerals in a country is a thematic map.
Answer: True
3. A map shows a large area on a large scale.
Answer: False
4. NW indicates the direction between the north and the east.
Answer: False
5. A sketch is a rough drawing.
Answer: True
Exercise: H: Choose the correct option.
1. Of the following the map with the smallest scale will be that of
(a) Your city (b) Maharashtra (c) India (d) Asia
Answer: Your city
2. To build a school, one would need a
(a) Sketch (b) plan (c) map (d) globe
Answer: Plan
3. In the following diagram which arrow indicates the south west direction?
(a) X (b) Y (c) Z (d) K
Answer: Y
4. The symbols used on maps are called conventional symbols because
(a) They have been used ancient times
(b) They are used all over the world under an international agreement
(c) They are the traditional Indian way of showing various features on maps
(d) They were used by British map-makers
Answer: (b) They are used all over the world under an international agreement
5. A sketch is drawn using
(a) A scale (b) the north line
(c) both a scale and the north line (d) neither a scale nor the north line
Answer: (d) neither a scale nor the north line
6. A map uses a scale in which 1 cm on the map covers 50 metres on the ground. If two places are 4 cm apart on the map, the actual distance between them is
(a) 50 metres (b) 100 metres (c) 150 metres (d) 200 metres
Answer: (d) 200 metres
R/3
CIVICS
Ch.1: Understanding Diversity
Exercise: B: Answer the following questions in not more than 20 words.
1. What is diversity?
Answer: The presence of wide range of qualities or features is called diversity.
2. What is a community?
Answer: A group of families either living in the same area or having some common links is known as a community.
3. Name five things in which India shows diversity.
Answer: The five things which show diversity in India are: language, religion, dress, food, festival and dances.
4. Why do people in cold places eat a lot of non-vegetarian food?
Answer: Due to extreme cold, few crops can be grown in cold places. Therefore, people eat more non-vegetarian food in cold places.
5. What does the snake-boat race in Kerala tell us about people?
Answer: Kerala’s snake-boat race shows the coastal people’s strong bond with water.
Exercise: C: Answer the following questions in not more than 40 words.
1. What is a family? Name the two main types of families based on the number of member.
Answer: The immediate group in which we live is called family. A family consists of you and your father, mother, siblings and relatives. Nuclear family and Joint family are the two main types of families based on the number of members.
2. Give one example to show that climate influences the way people dress.
Answer: People in different regions dress differently. For example, those live in Kashmir, a cold and mountainous area; wear a loose robe called pheran.
Exercise: D: Answer the following question in not more than 100 words.
1. Give examples to show that different people do the same thing differently.
Answer: The environment and history of a region influence the culture of its people. This is often reflected in religion, festivals and dances. People of different religions offer prayers at different places. Like a Muslim offers prayer at mosques, a Hindu at temples, a Sikh at Gurudwaras and a Christian at churches. People of different religions do the same thing differently.
Almost every Indian state celebrates the harvest festival in its own unique style. In Punjab, they call it Baisakhi, Onam in Kerala, Pongal in Tamil Nadu, Bihu in Assam and Makar Sankranti in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. So, people of different states celebrate the same festival in different names at different times.
Exercise: F: Fill in the blanks:-
1. The free flow of goods and services between nations is one of the effects of ……
Answer: Globalization
2. In a matrilineal family, property passes from…….. to ……..
Answer: Mother to daughter
3. South Indian languages belong to the ……… group.
Answer: Dravidian
4. ……… is a Hindu festival celebrated by many who are not Hindus.
Answer: Holi
5. Large turbans are worn in the state of ……….
Answer: Rajasthan
6. Bharatanatyam is to Tamil Nadu what ……..is to Kerala.
Answer: Kathakali
Exercise: G: State whether the following statements are true or false.
1. Human beings do not need to live in groups.
Answer: False
2. Communities depend on each other.
Answer: True
3. Different religious communities have different festivals, rituals and places of worship.
Answer: True
4. The sari and the dhoti are worn in several Indian communities.
Answer: True
5. People living in coastal areas eat a lot of fish.
Answer: True
6. Diversity divides India as a nation.
Answer: False
Exercise: H: Choose the correct options. More than one option may be correct.
1. The language and dialects used in India
(a) Less than 1000 (b) less than 100 (c) more than 1000 (d) more than 2000
Answer: (c) more than 1000
2. A Muslim prays in a
(a) Temple (b) mosque (c) church (d) Gurudwara
Answer: (b) mosque
3. Pashmina shawls are made in
(a) Rajasthan (b) Kerala (c) Tripura (d) Kashmir
Answer: (d) Kashmir
4. South Indian food is spicy because
(a) South Indians cannot cook without spices
(b) Spices are rare in South India
(c) South India grows a lot of spices
(d) North Indians cook with spices
Answer: (a) South Indians cannot cook without spices and
(c) South India grows a lot of spices
5. Which of the following is not a harvest festival?
(a) Onam (b) Diwali (c) Bihu (d) Baisakhi
Answer: (b) Diwali
R/2
HISTORY
Ch. 1: Introduction to History
Exercise: B: Answer the following questions in not more than 20 words
1. Define the term history.
Answer: History is a careful and systematic study of past events on the basis of available material remains and records.
2. What is chronology?
Answer: The historians arrange past events in order of time, that is, events that happened first followed by events that happened later. This order is called chronology.
3. What is the origin of the name Bharatvarsha?
Answer: The origin of the name Bharatvarsha was named after a king Bharat and the tribe consisting of his descendants, also known as Bharat.
4. Define the term Archaeology?
Answer: The study of material remains of past human existence is called archaeology.
5. What are the two main types of source materials available to a historian?
Answer: The two main types of source materials available to a historian are archaeological and literary source materials.
6. Mention three types of information that coins provide.
Answer: By studying a coin, scholars can gather information about the ruler who issued it, the period of his reign, and about some of the social and economic conditions of his time.
7. What is a manuscript? Mention two materials on which manuscripts were written in ancient times.
Answer: A hand written document is called manuscript. Manuscripts were written on bhojpatra (birch bark) and palm leaves in ancient times.
Exercise: C: Answer the following in not more than 40 words
1. What was the progress made by man during the ancient period?
Answer: During the ancient period, man evolved from a mere hunter and food-gatherer to a farmer and then to a trader. He went to establish cities and later large kingdoms. He established contacts with many foreign countries.
2. What are artefacts? Of what importance are artefacts in the understanding of man’s past?
Answer: Articles such as tools, weapons, pottery, small sculptures, toys, coins, jewellery, etc., made and used by man are called artefacts. By studying the remains of artefacts historians can tell us about the skills man had mastered and about man’s lifestyle.
3. What kind of information can a historian get from a study of inscription?
Answer: Inscriptions provide a lot of information, like names of kings, dates of important events, extents of kingdoms, and information about the languages in use and the literary skills of the time.
Exercise: D: Answer the following questions in not more than 100 words
1. Explain what you understand by BC and AD, and give an example to show how we calculate the number of years between a date in BC and one in AD?
Answer: In history, you will find dates with BC or AD. BC is an abbreviation of Before Christ. AD is an abbreviation of Anno Domini, which means “in the year of the Lord”. For example, we write AD 180, which means 180 years after the birth of Christ. When talking of recent times, we usually do not put AD before the year. For example, we write India became independent in 1947. Here, it is clear that we mean AD 1947.
The dates for BC go backwards. Thus, 230 BC will before 180 BC. To calculate the number of years between a date in BC and one in AD, the two should be added together. For example, 250 BC to AD 150 means a period of four hundred years.
Exercise: F: Fill in the blanks
1. The period of man’s past for which we have no written records is called…….
Answer: Pre-history
2. According to ancient Indian tradition, Bharartvarsha was situated in the islands continent called ……
Answer: Jambudweep
3. A person who studies the materials remains of man’s past is called an ……..
Answer: Archaeologist
4. Writings on walls and rocks are called……..
Answer: Inscriptions
5. Script is to Brahmi what …………….. is to Prakrit.
Answer: Ancient language
6. Secular literature is not concerned with…………
Answer: Religion
Exercise: G: State whether the following statements are true or false.
1. While writing a date, we usually write AD after the number, e.g., 150 AD.
Answer: False
2. At the beginning of the ancient period, man was a hunter and food-gatherer.
Answer: True
3. No historical information can be gathered about people who lived before writing was invented. Answer: False
4. Records on copper plates are examples of inscriptions.
Answer: True
5. There are some ancient scripts that historians have not been able to read.
Answer: True
6. The Vedas are works of religious literature.
Answer: True
Exercise: H: Choose the correct options. More than one option may be correct.
1. Which of the following were the first to use the name India?
(a) The Persians (b) the Greeks (c) the Romans (d) the Indians
Answer: (b) the Greeks
2. The Sanchi Stupa is an example of a
(a) Coin (b) monument (c) manuscript (d) artefact
Answer: (b) Monument
3. Which of the following types of source material is both archaeological and literary?
(a) Monuments (b) Inscriptions (c) sculptures (d) none of these
Answer: (b) Inscription
4. Which of the following is an ancient language?
(a) Brahmi (b) Heptasindhu (c) Prakrit (d) Saptasindhu
Answer: (c) Prakrit
5. Which of the following cannot be regarded as religious literature?
(a) The Arthashastra (b) the Angas (c) the Pitakas (d) travelers’ account
Answer: (a) The Arthashastra
R/1
GEOGRAPHY
Ch. 1: Earth and the Solar System
Exercise: B: Answer the following in not more than 20 words.
1. What is a constellation?
Answer: Millions and millions of stars in the sky, some appear to be in a group, forming definite patterns. Those groups, which can be recognized by the shapes they form, are called constellations.
2. What is a galaxy?
Answer: Millions of stars together form a group called a galaxy.
3. How long does the moon take to go around the earth once?
Answer: The moon revolves around the earth once in 27 days and 8 hours.
4. What is an artificial satellite?
Answer: An object designed to revolve around the earth or any other heavenly body is called an artificial satellite.
5. What are asteroids?
Answer: Thousands of small celestial bodies revolve around the sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, are called asteroids.
Exercise: C: Answer the following question in not more than 40 words.
1. Why were the pointers important to navigators?
Answer: Before invention of magnetic compass, navigators determine the North direction by following the Big Deeper groups which is called as Saptarshi in India, the pointer stars at the head of it, those points towards the Pole star.
2. What is the Milky Way? What is the Milky Way Galaxy?
Answer: The Milky Way is a band of stars. It appears as a faint band of light in the sky. The stars cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye. Our galaxy gets its name from the Milk Way.
3. How can you recognize the planet Venus, Mars and Saturn in the sky?
Answer: Venus is the brightest planet. Mars looks red and is called Red planet. If you look at Saturn through a telescope, you will see rings around the planet.
4. What are shooting Stars?
Answer: When meteoroids enter the earth’s atmosphere the start burning. These burning pieces cause a flash of light as they fall and we call them shooting stars.
Exercise: D: Answer the following questions in not more than 80 words.
1. What does the solar system consists of? Draw a diagram of the solar system.
Answer: The sun is the heart of the solar system. The earth and seven other planets move around the sun. Apart from the planets, celestial bodies like dwarf planets, asteroids, comets and meteoroids move around the sun. Some planets and some other celestial bodies have moons, or satellites, moving around them. Moons also go around the sun.
The sun, eight planets, the moons and the other celestial bodies that move around the sun make up the solar system. We can think of the solar system as the sun’s family.
(Draw the solar system on your copy using colour pencils)
2. Explain the types of motions of planets.
Answer: All the planets revolve around the sun in the anticlockwise direction. Each planet revolves in its own slightly elliptical path called orbit. Since Mercury is closest to the sun, it has the shortest orbit. Therefore, it takes the least time 88 days to complete one revolution. The earth takes about 365 days and 6 hours, while Neptune, the farthest planet from the sun, takes nearly 165 years to complete one revolution.
All planets spin or rotate about its axis. Our earth rotates from west to east direction of its axis, so that the sun appears to move from east to west. A day on a planet is time taken by it to complete one rotation. The earth completes a rotation in about 23 hours and 56 minutes. Jupiter rotates the fastest planet in the solar system. It takes 9 hours and 55 minutes to complete one rotation. A day on Venus is 243 days on earth.
3. Why is the life found only on the earth?
Answer: The earth is a unique planet of the solar system. It is the only planet on which life exists. This is because the conditions require to support life are found only on earth.
(a) Moderate Temperature: The amount of the heat a planet receives from the Sun depends on its distance from the sun. The earth is the third planet from the sun. It has an average temperature of 22* C. This temperature is suitable for plants and animals.
(b) Water in Liquid Form: Plants and animals need water. The earth is the only planet on which liquid water is found. On some other planets water fund only in freeze form.
(c) Favorable Atmosphere: The earth is surrounded by a layer of gases. This layer of gases is called its atmosphere. Animals need oxygen to breathe. This gas is found in the earth’s atmosphere. Plants need carbon dioxide to make food. This gas is also present in our atmosphere. Earth’s atmosphere has a gas called Ozone. This ozone layer protects plants and animals from certain harmful rays of the sun.
So, the combination of the factors mentioned above makes life possible on earth.
4. Explain the phases of the moon.
Answer: The moon is the largest and the brightest thing in the night sky. The moon revolves around the earth once in 27 days and 8 hours. The sun always lights up one side of the moon. But as the moon moves around the earth, we only see parts of this side. The moon appears as a full disc when we see the whole of the lit up side. This is called full moon or Purnima.
When the part facing us does not receive sunlight, we cannot see the moon. This is known as the new moon, or Amavasya. After this, the moon appears as a crescent. The crescent grows larger as days pass, till the full moon appears. After new moon, it takes about fifteen days for the full moon to appear. Many traditional calendars are based on the movement of the moon.
Exercise: F: Filling the blanks
1. The great Bear is a ……….
Answer- Constellation
2. Our sun belongs to the ……… Galaxy.
Answer-Milky Way
3. The only star in the solar system is the ………
Answer- Sun
4. …….. is the largest planet.
Answer- Jupiter
5. Blue Planet is to Earth what Red Planet is to……….
Answer- Mars
6. ………of planets are celestial bodies which revolve around the planets.
Answer-Satellites
Exercise: G: State whether the following statements are true or false.
1. The pole star is also called the North Star.
Answer: True
2. Planets shine by their own light.
Answer: False
3. Saturn is the only planet that has rings around it.
Answer: False
4. On Venus, a day is longer than a year.
Answer: False
5. After new moon, it takes about fifteen days for the full moon to appear.
Answer: True
6. Rockets are carried into space by artificial satellites.
Answer: False
7. Most of the asteroids are located between Saturn and Uranus.
Answer: False
8. Asteroids may have moons.
Answer: False
Exercise: H: Choose the correct options
1. The sun and other stars are huge bodies make up of
(a) Liquids (b) rocks (c) hot gases (d) ice
Answer: (c) hot gases
2. Light from the sun reaches the earth in about
(a) 8 seconds (b) 8 minutes (c) 8 hours (d) 8 days
Answer: (b) 8 minutes
3. The sun makes life possible by providing us with
(a) Oxygen (b) heat and light (c) water (d) carbon dioxide
Answer: (b) heat and light
4. The path of planet around the sun is called its
(a) Revolution (b) rotation (c) orbit (d) spin
Answer: (c) orbit
5. Water in liquid from is found only on
(a) Mars (b) the moon (c) the earth (d) Pluto
Answer: (c) the earth
6. The celestial body nearest to the earth is
(a) The moon (b) the sun (c) Proxima Centauri (d) Venus
Answer: (a) The moon
7. A piece of rock which burns as it falls through the earth’s atmosphere is called a
(a) Meteor (b) meteorite (c) meteoroid (d) asteroid
Answer: (c) meteoroid
8. Which of these shows a galaxy?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Answer: (b)
